RFID Frequently Asked Questions 

AIM members from the RFID Experts Group answer the most asked questions we receive from those looking to learn more about RFID.  Just click the question below to get more information, and if you would like even more details or have additional questions, contact us!

​What is RFID?

​Radio frequency identification, or RFID, is a generic term for technologies that use radio waves to automatically identify people or objects. There are several methods of identification, but the most common is to store a serial number that identifies a person or object, and perhaps other information, on a microchip that is attached to an antenna (the chip and the antenna together are called an RFID transponder or an RFID tag). The antenna enables the chip to transmit the identification information to a reader. The reader converts the radio waves reflected back from the RFID tag into digital information that can then be passed on to computers that can make use of it.

How does an rfid system work? 

​An RFID system consists of a tag made up of a microchip with an antenna, and an interrogator or reader with an antenna. The reader sends out electromagnetic waves. The tag antenna is tuned to receive these waves. A passive RFID tag draws power from the field created by the reader and uses it to power the microchip's circuits. The chip then modulates the waves that the tag sends back to the reader, which converts the new waves into digital data. 

What is the difference between low-, high-, and ultra-high frequencies? 

​Just as your radio tunes in to different frequencies to hear different channels, RFID tags and readers have to be tuned to the same frequency to communicate. RFID systems use many different frequencies, but generally the most common are low-frequency (around 125 KHz), high-frequency (13.56 MHz) and ultra-high-frequency or UHF (860-960 MHz). Microwave (2.45 GHz) is also used in some applications. Radio waves behave differently at different frequencies, so it’s important to choose the right frequency for the right application.

 
How do I know which frequency is right for my application?

​Different frequencies have different characteristics that make them more useful for different applications. For instance, low-frequency tags use less power and are better able to penetrate non-metallic substances. They are ideal for scanning objects with high-water content, such as fruit, but their read range is limited to less than a foot (0.33 meter). High-frequency tags work better on objects made of metal and can work around goods with high water content. They have a maximum read range of about three feet (1 meter). UHF frequencies typically offer better range and can transfer data faster than low- and high-frequencies. But they use more power and are less likely to pass through materials. And because they tend to be more "directed," they require a clear path between the tag and reader. UHF tags might be better for scanning boxes of goods as they pass through a dock door into a warehouse. It is best to work with a knowledgeable consultant, integrator or vendor that can help you choose the right frequency for your application.
 

how much does an rfid tag cost today?

Most companies that sell RFID tags do not quote prices because pricing is based on volume, the amount of memory on the tag and the packaging of the tag (whether it’s encased in plastic or embedded in a label, for instance). Generally speaking, a 96-bit EPC inlay (chip and antenna mounted on a substrate) costs from 7 to 15 U.S. cents. If the tag is embedded in a thermal transfer label on which companies can print a barcode, the price rises to 15 cents and up. Low- and high-frequency tags tend to cost a little more.

how much do rfid readers cost today?

Most UHF readers cost from $500 to $2,000, depending on the features in the device. Companies may also have to buy each antenna separately, along with cables. Antennae are about $250 and up. The price of readers is expected to fall as companies purchase them in large volumes. Low- and high-frequency readers range in price, depending on different factors. A low-frequency reader model (a circuit board that can be put into another device) can be under $100, while a fully functional standalone reader can be $750. High-frequency reader modules are typically $200 to $300. A standalone reader can be about $500.

how much does a fully functional rfid system cost?

The cost depends on the application, the size of the installation, the type of system and many other factors, so it is not possible to give a ballpark figure. In addition to tag and reader costs, companies need to purchase middleware to filter RFID data. They may need to hire a systems integrator and upgrade enterprise applications, such as warehouse management systems. They may also need to upgrade networks within facilities. And they will need to pay for the installation of the readers. Not only do the readers need to be mounted, they need electrical power and to be connected to a corporate network.

Do all countries use the same frequencies?

​No. Different countries have allotted different parts of the radio spectrum for RFID, so no single technology optimally satisfies all the requirements of existing and potential markets. The industry has worked diligently to standardize three main RF bands: low frequency (LF), 125 to 134 kHz; high frequency (HF), 13.56 MHz; and ultrahigh frequency (UHF), 860 to 960 MHz. Most countries have assigned the 125 or 134 kHz areas of the spectrum for low-frequency systems, and 13.56 MHz is used around the world for high-frequency systems (with a few exceptions), but UHF systems have only been around since the mid-1990s, and countries have not agreed on a single area of the UHF spectrum for RFID. 

How much information can an RFID tag store?

​It depends on the vendor and the application, but typically a tag carries no more than 2KB of data—enough to store some basic information about the item it is on. Companies are now looking at using a simple "license plate" tag that contains only a 96-bit serial number. The simple tags are cheaper to manufacture and are more useful for applications where the tag will be disposed of with the product packaging.

 What's the difference between read-only and read-write RFID tags?

​Microchips in RFID tags can be read-write, read-only or "write once, read many” (WORM). With read-write chips, you can add information to the tag or write over existing information when the tag is within range of a reader. Read-write tags usually have a serial number that can't be written over. Additional blocks of data can be used to store additional information about the items the tag is attached to (these can usually be locked to prevent overwriting of data). Read-only microchips have information stored on them during the manufacturing process. The information on such chips can never be changed. WORM tags can have a serial number written to them once, and that information cannot be overwritten later.

 What's the difference between passive and active tags?

​Active RFID tags have a transmitter and their own power source (typically a battery). The power source is used to run the microchip's circuitry and to broadcast a signal to a reader (the way a cell phone transmits signals to a base station). Passive tags have no battery. Instead, they draw power from the reader, which sends out electromagnetic waves that induce a current in the tag's antenna. Semi-passive tags use a battery to run the chip's circuitry, but communicate by drawing power from the reader. Active and semi-passive tags are useful for tracking high-value goods that need to be scanned over long ranges, such as railway cars on a track, but they cost more than passive tags, which means they can't be used on low-cost items. (There are companies developing technology that could make active tags far less expensive than they are today.) End-users are focusing on passive UHF tags, which cost less than 40 cents today in volumes of 1 million tags or more. Their read range isn't as far—typically less than 20 feet vs. 100 feet or more for active tags—but they are far less expensive than active tags and can be disposed of with the product packaging.

What is a chipless rfid tag?

​"Chipless RFID" is a generic term for systems that use RF energy to communicate data but don't store a serial number in a silicon microchip in the transponder. Some chipless tags use plastic or conductive polymers instead of silicon-based microchips. Other chipless tags use materials that reflect back a portion of the radio waves beamed at them. A computer takes a snapshot of the waves beamed back and uses it like a fingerprint to identify the object with the tag. Companies are experimenting with embedding RF reflecting fibers in paper to prevent unauthorized photocopying of certain documents. Chipless tags that use embedded fibers have one drawback for supply chain uses—only one tag can be read at a time.

I have heard that rfid does not work around different materials, for example metal and water.  does that mean i am not able to use it to track cans or liquid products?

​Radio waves bounce off metal and are absorbed by water at ultrahigh frequencies. That makes tracking metal products, or those with high water content, difficult. However, good system design and engineering are overcoming this. Low- and high-frequency tags work better on products with water and metal. In fact, there are applications in which low-frequency RFID tags are embedded in metal auto parts to track them.

What is EPC Gen 2?

​Gen 2 is the shorthand name given to EPC Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols Generation-2 UHF RFID Standard. This standard describes the way passive UHF RFID tags (aka RAIN tags) communicate with the RFID readers. Primarily, it enables an RFID reader to select, inventory and access tags of interest. Many other commands can also help protecting data and consumer’s privacy as well as authenticating tags and readers for brand protection. Gen2 was designed to work internationally and has other enhancements such as a dense reader mode of operation, which prevents readers from interfering with one another when many are used in close proximity to one another. Gen2 has been endorsed as an ISO standard: ISO/IEC 18000-63.

How does epc Gen 2 work?

​​The EPC (electronic product code) is a GS1 Unique identifier tailored to uniquely identify any kind of item or asset at instance level.
 
GS1 Tag Data Standard proposes multiple syntaxes for the EPC. It can be a Uniform Resource Name so that it can be used as a pointer to access more information about a product in a database or a binary string to be encoded in RAIN RFID tags.
 
GS1 TDS describes multiple EPC schemes like Global Returnable Asset Identifier (GRAI), Global Individual Asset Identifier (GIAI) or a Serialized Shipping Container Code (SSCC). The most widely used EPC is the Serialized Global Trade Item Number or SGTIN.
 
Whatever the scheme, the EPC is made of multiple components but it’s worth noting that, like any GS1 key, it contains the GS1 Company Prefix which globally uniquely identify the EPC allocator. It is also worth noting that all the EPCs shall be serialized.

Why is epc technology important?

​​EPC technology is a corner stone for improving efficiencies within the supply chain. EPC can serve the instance level identification of any kind of product. It can easily be encoded in RAIN RFID tags so that it can be captured at high speed and with high level of accuracy. It can also serve to create and share events like Packing, Shipping, Receiving, or dispensing and many other ones throughout the entire supply chain, using the GS1 EPCIS standard.
 
The ability to automatically track every item anywhere in the supply chain securely and in real time will increase visibility and help reducing wastes, carbon footprint and will increase customer satisfaction. For example, in the retail sector, EPC is allowing the setup of omnichannel applications.

How can a company track items using epc gen 2?

​Together with source tagging of items or products, companies have to create a network of RAIN RFID readers. In a warehouse for example, there could be readers at the dock doors or placed on conveyors. We also see more and more use of overhead readers to monitor huge areas like distribution centers or warehouses. All the readers are uniquely identified and assigned a Global Location Number so that you know when and where the EPCs have been captured.
 
For example, when a pallet of goods arrives, the RFID reader on the dock door captures its unique Serialized Shipping Container Code or SSCC. Computers look up what the product is, using the EPC Network and can have a list of all the products contained in the pallet. Inventory systems are automatically updated. When the pallet is unpacked, another reader can uniquely capture all the EPCs of every individual items and send this information to the conveyor so that it can route all these products based on the EPC value.
 
All these events can be created and shared among stakeholders in a standardized way using the GS1 EPCIS standard.